Biosimilars

National Psoriasis Foundation declares biosimilar stance

One of the leading psoriasis patient associations in the US, the National Psoriasis Foundation, has publically declared its stance on biosimilars. In an open letter to FDA, the Foundation issued a statement on the implementation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act of 2009 [1].

Quantitative evaluation of bioequivalence

Generics
For approval of small molecule generics, FDA requires that evidence of average bioequivalence in drug absorption in terms of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters be provided through the conduct of bioequivalence studies. This may be done using the area under the blood and/or plasma concentration-time curve and peak concentration (Cmax) [1].

US cancer researcher calls for additional biosimilar trials

One of the leading cancer researchers in the US has called for biosimilars manufacturers to undertake additional research. In an interview with The ASCO Post, Professor Mark Pegram, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Director for Clinical Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Health System, Florida, USA, said, ‘Oncologists will be concerned about the safety of biosimilars. They will want to ensure that the chemistry, manufacturing, and composition are on par with the labelled product.’

Fujifilm and Kyowa Hakko Kirin in biosimilars joint venture

Japanese Fujifilm Corporation announced on 16 November 2011 that it is once again making an agreement in the biosimilars field, this time with biotech firm Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Tokyo, Japan.

Economic evaluation of biosimilars

Biological drugs represent a fast-growing segment of the pharmaceutical market. They make up 32% of drugs in the development pipeline and 7.5% of marketed medicines and account for around 10% of pharmaceutical expenditure [1].

Acino grabs Cephalon’s Middle East and African business

Switzerland-based generics company Acino Pharma announced on 14 October 2011 that it had agreed to buy biopharmaceutical company Cephalon ’s combined Middle East and African business in a transaction worth approximately Euros 80 million.

New Amgen Enbrel patent could block biosimilars until 2028

Amgen announced on 22 November 2011 that it had been granted a new US patent on its blockbuster drug Enbrel (etanercept).

Speed to market critical in biosimilar development

For companies looking to develop biosimilars speed to market is critical, but this must not be done by sacrificing product quality, according to a report from Contract Research Organisation (CRO) Quintiles. The most successful biosimilar companies will be those who collapse their clinical, commercial, and regulatory thinking into a streamlined cohesive function in order to expedite commercialisation and optimise market access.

FDA definitions of generics and biosimilars

Confusion surrounding terms used in the global field of generics and biosimilars is a recognised problem.

The source of some of this confusion is due to authorities in various regions of the world defining terms differently and other instances are due to a misunderstanding of the actual nature, characteristics, and method of research and manufacture of these biological products.

US biosimilars: many barriers to overcome

EMA has been successful in devising a system for authorising the marketing of biosimilar products and 14 biosimilars are currently on the market in the major countries of the EU [1]. Generally, biosimilars are priced about 30% less than the originator product. This seems to be sufficient to gain significant (~ 30%) market share in a year or two though it keeps biosimilars very expensive. This is in dramatic contrast to the situation in America. In 2010 the ‘biosimilars statute’ (BLA) eventually came into force as the result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The proposed rule involves two particularly onerous requirements that the EU process avoids.

The first is the question of degree of similarity.

Natco snaps up biosimilars: signing deal with Mabxience

Indian generic drugmaker Natco Pharma announced that it had entered into an exclusive agreement with Mabxience, the biosimilar division of Swiss firm Chemo Sa Lugano, on 19 September 2011.

The controversies surrounding biosimilars

It is well known that the introduction of similar biological medicinal products, or biosimilars, has caused not a little controversy in the medical world. The aim of healthcare providers/payers, either healthcare authorities or insurance companies, is to reduce the healthcare budget has risen in recent years through the introduction of expensive companion diagnostics, devices, and drugs. At the present moment this can only be achieved in two general ways: either the availability of therapies must be restricted from the patients who would benefit from them, or otherwise the costs of the procedures and drugs must be reduced to within affordable limits so that the majority of patients can benefit from them.

Battle rages over anti-thrombotic medicine

Sandoz/Momenta are ahead again in the fight for the lucrative anticoagulants market in the US. According to IMS Health data enoxaparin sodium injection is the best-selling hospital medicine in the US, and has been described as the ‘gold standard’ for anti-thrombotic treatments. Lovenox, sanofi-aventis’ reference product, recorded US sales of US$2.7 billion in 2009 and has been used to treat an estimated 200 million patients worldwide since it was launched.

Merck acquires follow-on Copaxone NBCD: determined to lead in MS

Germany-based Merck already markets its own multiple sclerosis (MS) drug Rebif (interferon beta-1a) but suffered a major blow during 2011 when regulators on both sides of the Atlantic rejected its oral MS treatment Movectro (cladribine). Merck has since abandoned the project.

Can biosimilar manufacturers learn from generic substitution issues

The substitution of generic prescription medicines for branded medicines is practiced in most Westernised countries, mainly because of its clear economic benefits. Patient experiences of generic substitution are mixed however, with many patients left confused or suspicious [1]. Given that a number of second-generation biosimilar compounds are expected to be approved within the next few years, and that biosimilar manufacturing costs are much higher than those of a simple generic, it is crucial for biosimilar manufacturers to avoid the uncertainty and mistrust that often accompanies generic substitution. Several recommendations have been made to help ensure that substitution pathways are streamlined and successful [1] but can any of these recommendations be applied to biosimilars?

US biosimilars: a report on FDA progress

This article reviews the steps being taken by FDA to implement the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act of 2009, enshrined in law in 2010 as the ‘biosimilars statute’.

US$1 billion for cancer R & D

GE Healthcare, the health business of General Electric, provides advanced cancer diagnostic and molecular imaging capabilities, as well as technologies for the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals and for cancer research. Its presence at the European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress 2011 in Stockholm indicated its commitment to strengthening cancer diagnosis and care. Similarly at the 53rd Annual American Society for Radiation Oncology Meeting in Miami Beach, Florida, USA, it was showcasing a number of new tools designed specifically for the needs of radiation oncologists.

Development of biosimilars is not an easy matter

By 2020 biological products with sales of around US$23 billion in the EU and US$29 billion in the US will be exposed to biosimilar competition [1]. As more and more biologicals lose their patent protection, it is no wonder that Big Pharma, the biotechnology industry and generics manufacturers, as well as regulatory agencies, are becoming increasingly interested in biosimilars [2].

Brand-name statins costing healthcare system US$6.7 billion

Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA, found that physicians prescribing unnecessary treatments or diagnostic tests, spanning a broad range of clinical conditions, costs the US healthcare system an extra US$6.7 billion annually. The findings, published in Archives of Internal Medicine, attributed prescribing of brand-name statins instead of generic statins as accounting for most of the excess cost [1].

Rituximab biosimilar successfully produced in plants

iBio, a leader in the plant-made pharmaceutical field, announced on 5 October 2011 that it had successfully expanded the use of its technology to biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by producing rituximab in non-transgenic green plants.

Biosimilar user fees proposal under review

Proposals over biosimilar user fees appear to have been ratified by stakeholders and a proposal is now under review by the US Department of Health and Human Services.

EMA definitions of generics and biosimilars

Confusion surrounding terms used in the global field of generics and biosimilars is a recognised problem. The members of the Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party at EMA have recently expressed the need to propose a more precise definition for biosimilars due to problems arising from imprecise usage of the term in the scientific literature and elsewhere [1].

Biocon announces Malaysia manufacturing plant

Biocon, a global biopharmaceutical company with high-tech manufacturing and research arms, announced in September 2011 ‘project commencement for its first high-end biopharmaceutical manufacturing and R & D facility in Bio-XCell, Malaysia’ [1]. Malaysia, epitomised by the Bio-XCell biotechnology park, is considered ‘an ideal location to manufacture generics’ by industry analysts Frost & Sullivan.

Cheap biosimilars to come from India and China

On 19-20 September 2011, the United Nations (UN) held a High-Level Meeting to develop a global strategy to fight non-communicable diseases, ‘principally cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.’ It is only the second global health issue that the UN General Assembly has deemed urgent enough to call a meeting to discuss. Such diseases cause approximately two-thirds of all deaths.

Biotech pipeline and biosimilars

There are more than 200 new biotechnology products in the pipeline (phase II to registered), all of which could be future targets for biosimilars. However, around 60% of these products concern mechanisms of action that are already available, see Figure 1 [1].

A snapshot of interesting new approvals by FDA

New approvals by FDA look set reach record levels in 2011. Some noteworthy drugs already approved in 2011 are discussed below.

Biosimilars or biobetters–what does the future hold

Biosuperiors or biobetters are improvements to originator biological molecules, whereas biosimilars are structural imitations of the originator. But how will the pharma industry choose to pursue this lucrative market and benefit from patent expirations on biologicals? Will biobetters or biosimilars be the winners?

Biobetter of trastuzumab on the horizon

TrasGEX, which is currently under development by German biopharma company Glycotope, is shaping up to be an improved version (or biobetter) of Roche’s blockbuster cancer drug Herceptin (trastuzumab). Trastuzumab targets the HER2 receptor, commonly overexpressed in a variety of cancers, such as HER2-positive breast and stomach cancer.

EMA plans to revise biosimilar guidelines

EMA announced on 3 October 2011 that it has published a concept paper asking for comments on topics to be included in a potential revision of the agency’s 2006 biosimilar guideline, which covers non-clinical and clinical development of biosimilars. The paper will be released for a 3-month consultation period.

Biosimilar user fee levels and performance goals for the FDA

FDA and representatives from the drug industry negotiating a user fee for biosimilars have tentatively set performance goals and biosimilar user fee levels, creating a separate review programme for biosimilars.

How profitable will biosimilars be

The profitability of biosimilars remains an open question. Five years after launch it is thought that most biosimilars markets will look similar to generics markets (70% penetration, 25% of brand-name drug price) but also that a ‘brand-like’ market with lower price attrition and market share is possible [1].

FDA new drug approvals up in 2011: 900 biotech drugs in development

FDA had already approved 26 new drugs by the end of August 2011 compared to only 21 approved in 2010. Of note were six cancer drugs and two ground-breaking drugs for hepatitis C. The current year looks likely set a record for recent years for new drug approvals, which may total 35–40 by the end of 2011. After a slow start in the first two months with three new drug approvals and nine rejections in January and February 2011, FDA approved four new drugs, two of which were monoclonal antibodies, in March and five in April. Of the 11 new drugs approved in the first four months, only three biologicals were approved.

US$54 billion worth of biosimilar patents expiring before 2020

By 2020 biological products with sales of around US$23 billion in the EU and US$29 billion in the US are expected to be exposed to biosimilar competition [1].

Boehringer Ingelheim joins other Big Pharma going into biosimilars

Big Pharma is once again taking a major interest in biosimilars. The latest big pharmaceutical player to show an interest is biopharmaceutical specialist Boehringer Ingelheim. The German-based company announced on 26 September 2011 that it would create a dedicated division for the development and commercialisation of biosimilars.

Amphastar’s biosimilar enoxaparin approved by FDA – Momenta launches lawsuit

On 19 September 2011, and after years of conflict with FDA, Amphastar Pharmaceuticals (Amphastar) finally received approval to market a biosimilar version of sanofi-aventis’s blockbuster blood-thinner Lovenox (enoxaparin). The announcement, however, was closely followed by news that Momenta Pharmaceuticals (Momenta) had launched a lawsuit against Amphastar.

EMA biosimilar regulation should include complex biologicals

The EMA’s comprehensive biosimilar regulatory pathway, which includes the need for new clinical trials and comparability studies that demonstrate quality, efficacy, and safety, should be expanded to include complex biologicals, according to innovation researchers at Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands [1].

Generics and biosimilars affected by Obama’s deficit plans

US President Barack Obama’s plan for economic growth and deficit reduction, announced on 19 September 2011, recommends a series of healthcare reforms. The proposals include higher drug rebates for low-income patients, banning pay-to-delay deals between generics and originator companies and reducing biologicals exclusivity from 12 to seven years. The proposals aim to save US$320 billion in healthcare spending over 10 years.

US biosimilars law may prove a barrier to entry for biosimilars

One of the main barriers to biosimilar entry in the US is the US biosimilars law [1]. While some have questioned whether the biosimilars pathway in the US will ever be used [2, 3], others believe that, although flawed, the US biosimilars pathway is likely to become a functioning legal pathway [4].

The biosimilars landscape

There is obviously a market for biosimilars. This is driven by the cost savings to be made by payers and patients alike. By 2015, IMS Health (IMS) expects spending on biosimilars to exceed US$2 billion annually, or about 1% of total global spending on biologicals. They expect new biosimilars to enter the US market by 2014 and European markets to have additional biosimilar molecules introduced during this period [1].

Sanofi announces new long-term objectives

At a ‘strategy and outlook’ seminar for investors held on 6 September 2011, sanofi-aventis (sanofi) CEO Mr Christopher A Viehbacher commented on the group’s outlook. The group has undergone radical changes since 2008, when it was faced with losing several blockbuster drugs over a relatively short time period, the so-called ‘patent cliff’. The main action sanofi took was to buy biotech company Genzyme and thus gain access to the biosimilars, rare diseases and multiple sclerosis markets. However, other actions not so interesting to the media have also played a great part in the company’s repositioning.

EMA comparability studies limiting biosimilar success

The EMA’s comprehensive biosimilar regulatory pathway, which includes the need for new clinical trials and comparability studies that demonstrate quality, efficacy, and safety, is a barrier for the development of clinically superior compounds, according to innovation researchers at Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands [1].

Biosimilars: barriers to entry and profitability in the EU and US

The implications of the US biosimilars law and the pending patent expiries of the 12 major biological products in the EU and the US will have an impact on the profitability and viability of the biosimilars industry [1].

The market for global and European biosimilars

Due to expiring patents for brand name products, cheaper generics are expected to grab market share [1]. This is not surprising due to the list of blockbuster drugs losing their patent protection in 2011 and 2012. These include the world’s best-selling drug, Lipitor (atorvastatin), which in 2010 had almost US$13 billion in worldwide sales, accounting for 15.8% of Pfizer’s total revenue [2].

Hospira looks to biosimilars and increased use of generics for growth

Injectable generics leader, Hospira, announced on 7 September 2011 at its investor day, that it will look to biosimilars and international expansion for future growth.

Five years of bioequivalence data from Cetero questioned

FDA is challenging five years of bioequivalence and other studies conducted at Cetero Research’s Houston facility in the US. This could affect both originator and generics companies alike, putting into question data provided to FDA to support new drug applications (NDAs) and abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs).

Biosimilars and the pharmaceutical industry

IMS Health predicts a slowing down of the growth in annual spending on medicines, with generics being one of the main contributing factors for this reduction.

Positive results for phase I trial of biosimilar erythropoietin

Hospira, self-proclaimed leader in injectable generics, announced on 6 September 2011 positive results from a phase I clinical trial of its biosimilar erythropoietin (EPO) carried out in the US in patients with anaemia associated with chronic renal (kidney) failure and chemotherapy.

Opportunities for biosimilars in emerging markets

By 2015, IMS Health expects spending on biosimilars to exceed US$2 billion annually, or about 1% of total global spending on biologicals [1]. This growth in biosimilars will be driven mainly by patent expiries coming in the next five years. However, due to the complexity and cost of developing biosimilars for western markets many biosimilar manufacturers are turning to emerging markets as being a much more cost-effective solution.

Biotech growth and biosimilar opportunities in India

The domestic biotechnology industry in India has seen rapid growth during 2010 and India is poised to attain a position of leadership in the biosimilars market according to reports from Ernst & Young India and Frost and Sullivan.

Doctors wary of using biosimilars for extrapolated indications

A report published on 24 August 2011 by research and advisory firm Decision Resources finds that the majority of US and European physicians are wary of using a biosimilar for an indication for which supporting clinical data are lacking.

Stada and Richter to collaborate on biosimilar development

German generics giant Stada Arzneimittel (Stada) and Hungary-based Gedeon Richter (Richter) announced on 30 August 2011 that the two companies have signed licence and collaboration agreements for the development and marketing of two biosimilars.

Controversial nomenclature for new biosimilars

How will FDA chose to name biosimilars? The answer it appears is not simple and could greatly affect the marketing costs associated with these products [1].

FDA and biosimilars: update on key themes

Since the existence of a legal pathway for biosimilars was made possible by the signing of the 2009 Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act in 2010 by President Barack Obama, FDA has declared itself ‘open for business’ for biosimilars [1]. But what is the thinking of FDA and what should we expect from any guidance on biosimilars?

China’s 5-year biotech investment fires clear warning to US

The Chinese Government has targeted biotechnology as a ‘strategic pillar’ industry, and has pledged to spend 2 trillion yuan (Euros 213. 3 billion; US$308.5 billion) on science and technology in the next five years alone [1]. This has sent out a clear warning to the US Government that China aims to become the world’s pioneer in biotechnology in the short to medium term. In response, despite being under increasing pressure to reduce overall health expenditure, the US Government has resisted calls to cut funding and pledged US$ 32 billion to its National Institutes of Health biomedical research programme for 2012 [2].

Is FDA requesting too much data to allow biosimilars to succeed in the US

The FDA’s recently published plans for a biosimilar approval pathway are facing increasing scrutiny. In an interview with Scientific American, Novel Health Strategies’ biosimilar market entry advisor, Dr Saurabh Aggarwal, said that the level of data required by FDA is too much for biosimilars to be able to succeed [1].

FDA and biosimilars: process update

Despite the fact that a legal pathway for the approval of biosimilars in the US has existed for more than a year, formal guidance has still not been issued by FDA. This has led many to question when, or even if, biosimilars will come onto the market in the US [1]. So what has FDA been doing in the meantime and how close are we to seeing some biosimilar guidance in the US?

FDA gives some insight into biosimilar pathway

FDA has outlined some of the requirements it intends to include in its biosimilars approval process in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine [1]. The article is intended to give drugmakers, investors and other interested parties more insight into the approval process for biosimilars.

EMA proposes more precise definition for biosimilars

Members of the Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party at the EMA expressed the need to propose a more precise definition for biosimilars due to problems arising from imprecise usage of the term biosimilar in the literature [1].

A biosimilar by any other name …

Following the expiration of patents on the originator molecules, copied products have been introduced into the market. EU regulators have named these products as ‘biosimilars’, that is ‘similar biological medicinal products’; and US regulators refer to them as ‘follow-on biologics’. Specific regulatory pathways have also been established for these biosimilar products, which differ from those for ‘chemical generics’ [1].

Observations on the introduction of biosimilar epoetins into Europe

Professor Wolfgang Jelkmann of the University of Luebeck in Germany has recently published a review article summarising the experiences with biosimilars introduced in the EU after the original biopharmaceutical patents expired [1].

Timing of the launch of biosimilars in Europe

When and where to launch a new biosimilar to ensure that its uptake is the most effective throughout Europe is an issue that affects all pharmaceutical companies working on biosimilars [1].

How cheap will biosimilars need to be

What level of discounts will biosimilars need to provide to be competitive? Some believe that biosimilars will need to provide substantial discounts, being priced as low as 25%, and not 75%, of the originator price [1].

The market for biosimilars

How do the different markets respond to biosimilars? Markets with strong generic adoption frameworks are likely to have good biosimilar adoption as well. However, physician willingness to adopt may be a barrier to entry [1].

Biosimilar regulatory issues

In Europe, the regulatory frameworks for biosimilars are largely established, with both general guidelines and product specific guidelines put in place by the EMA, covering human insulin, somatropin, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, interferon-alpha, low molecular weight heparin and monoclonal antibody. The agency is also currently working on draft guidelines for a number of other product class specific guidelines, including interferon-beta and follicle stimulation hormone.

Biosimilars approved in Europe

Last update: 22 April 2025

In the European Union (EU), a legal framework for approving biosimilars was established in 2003. This framework means that biosimilars can only be approved centrally via the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and not nationally.

Development of biosimilars

Costs and risk reduction are facilitating product development of biosimilars [1].

EMA and FDA to collaborate on biosimilars

The EMA announced on 23 June 2011 that it had set up a new ‘cluster’ to collaborate with the FDA for the exchange of information on biosimilar drugs.

Current status of biosimilar development

Widespread therapeutic use of biological pharmaceutical products appears to be inevitable. Nevertheless, the law governing approval of biosimilar products in the US is still not in place. The size of the biologicals market and impending patent expiries, however, are making approval of a practical pathway for biosimilars more urgent.

Manufacturing of biosimilars

Manufacturing of biosimilars is more challenging than the traditional small molecule generics. Some of the reasons are:

• Investments (including operating costs) associated with manufacturing of biosimilars along with the risk of failure for biosimilars are significantly higher than that for small molecule generics. This results in a relatively smaller discount for biosimilars compared to small molecule generics.
• Minor changes in manufacturing process can cause significant changes in efficacy or immunogenicity.
• Biosimilars are larger and more complex molecules to manufacture.

Partnerships will drive biosimilar development

With biosimilars tipped to become a multibillion-dollar market in the coming years, everybody is jumping on the biosimilars bandwagon, and it seems it’s not just limited to pharmaceutical companies.

Does industry support biosimilar user fees in the US?

According to FDA, biopharmaceutical trade groups are supportive of its proposal for biosimilar user fees, with sponsors paying an up-front fee with their applications.

Challenges ahead for biosimilar development

Biosimilars, it seems are here to stay, but there is still some way to go before they become commonplace. There is also concern over the associated costs for biological medicines. The cost of biotech therapies is expected to steadily grow by about 30% (an approximately 20 fold increase in 10 years) by 2016.

Market opportunities for biosimilars

Although growth in annual spending on medicines is set to reduce, there is still a huge market out there and spending on biosimilars is expected to increase in the coming years.

Caution over IP provisions for biologicals in TPP

The US Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA) has expressed its concerns over negotiations currently taking place on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement.

Merck enters biosimilars deal with Korea’s Hanwha

US pharma giant Merck announced on 13 June 2011 an exclusive deal with South Korea’s Hanwha Chemical Corporation to develop and commercialise a biosimilar version of Amgen and Pfizer’s blockbuster rheumatoid arthritis drug Enbrel (etanercept).

Mylan re-brands Matrix Labs to enter Indian market

US generics manufacturer Mylan announced on 27 May 2011 that it plans to rebrand its India-based subsidiary Matrix Laboratories as Mylan in order to launch its own prescription drugs in the emerging Indian market over the next year.

US approvals of biologicals doubled in last decade

Regulatory approvals for new biological drugs in the US have nearly doubled in the last decade compared with the 1990s, according to the May/June 2011 issue of the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (CSDD) Impact Report. However, the author of the report, Research Assistant Professor Janice Reichert, said there are still ‘substantial challenges’ to be faced by biologicals manufacturers if they wish to ‘maintain that pace’.

Standards for biosimilars or ‘alternative’ biologicals in India

In the highly regulated market of the EU clear and rigorous guidelines exist for approval of biosimilars. In the EU biosimilars must ensure the same quality, safety and efficacy, as any other product, along with demonstrating biosimilarity (comparability) with the reference product.

More debate over the exclusivity period for biological in the US

The debate over the length of exclusivity that biological drugs can enjoy before competition from biosimilars ensues seems set to be a long and complicated one. The latest group to join in the debate is the Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR).

Lupin and Neuclone biosimilars agreement

Indian generics manufacturer Lupin Pharmaceuticals has signed an agreement with Australian biotech firm NeuClone to access cell line technology to be used to develop biosimilar drugs targeting cancer.