Biosimilars

Research on biosimilars in rheumatology

Period: September to December 2012 

Over the past decade, the availability of targeted biological therapies has revolutionized the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. However, the significant cost of these biologicals is often prohibitive and limits universal access to these effective therapeutic agents. Whereas generic drug equivalents are commercially available for many small-molecule medications, such lower cost alternatives to targeted biological therapies are not yet available in the US or the EU.  The first biological therapeutics in rheumatology is now approaching patent expiration and biosimilars are now in randomized controlled trials. This means that cheaper biosimilars for the treatment of rheumatic diseases are likely to enter the market in the near future, increasing patient access to these life-changing treatments.

Japan approves second biosimilar G-CSF

Japan has granted regulatory approval to a second biosimilar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).

XBiotech moves into biosimilars

US-based biotech company XBiotech announced on 26 February 2013 that the company would be expanding its portfolio to include biosimilars.

Prospects for producing follow-on biological products in Brazil

New research shows the need for local production of biologicals in Brazil in order to offset the increasing medicines budget and reduce the trade deficit when it comes to drugs [1].

US FDA defends biosimilar substitution

US FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg defended the substitution of interchangeable biosimilars at the Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA) Annual Meeting which was held in Orlando, Florida, USA, on 20–22 February 2013.

MS patient dies from immunogenicity to biological drug

A Swedish woman diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to have died after developing unwanted immunogenicity toward the biological drug Tysabri (natalizumab), according to a report in the journal Neurology [1].

Mylan and Biocon to partner on insulin products

Generics giant Mylan announced on 13 February 2013 that it had entered into an agreement with India-based Biocon to develop and market Biocon’s biosimilar versions of three insulin analogue products.

Oncobiologics and Viropro make biosimilar deal

US-based Oncobiologics and monoclonal antibody developer Viropro announced on 25 February 2013 that they had signed a biosimilar collaboration agreement between the two companies.

Assessment of interchangeability under the BPCI Act

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act gives FDA the authority to designate a biosimilar as interchangeable with its reference product. This means that the biosimilar may be substituted for the originator product by the pharmacist without reference to the prescribing physician [1]. The criteria for establishing interchangeability of biosimilars, despite FDA issuing three draft guidance documents, are still not clear [2].

Amgen’s response to biosimilar substitution legislation in US

Amgen, in a statement issued on 1 February 2013, has hit back at accusations that the biotech giant is attempting to limit the uptake of biosimilars in the US by backing state bills, which constrain the use of biosimilars.

The ethics of biosimilars

Biosimilars in the EU have to undergo a strictly regulated comparability exercise against the reference medicinal product on the physicochemical, analytical, functional, non-clinical and clinical level. Only if a biosimilar is a close copy of the reference medicine will it be approved as a biosimilar [1]. Despite this fact, however, ethical issues have been raised on the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) in healthy volunteers by the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA).

Merck makes biosimilars deal with Samsung Bioepis

Pharma Giant Merck announced on 20 February 2013 that it had made a deal to develop and commercialize biosimilars with Samsung Bioepis.

Medicines spending in Brazil

The Brazilian pharmaceutical market is the third largest in the Americas region, behind the US and Canada; it ranks first in the Latin American region. Pharmaceutical demand will continue to rise, fuelled by increasing disposable income. Despite this positive outlook, the trade deficit in Brazil grew from US$700 million at the end of the 1980s to a cumulative US$7.13 billion in 2008. In 2008 alone, Brazil imported US$1.4 billion in vaccines, serum and blood products, while exporting US$37 million in medicinal products with low added value [1].

Biosimilars to replace 70% of chemical drugs

Biosimilars will replace some 70% of global chemical drugs over the next couple of decades, according to industry experts. This replacement will occur due to the better safety profiles of biosimilars compared to chemical drugs and the fact that many originator biologicals will lose their patent protection in the coming years, according to Mr Appaji, Director General of Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India (Pharmexcil).

AMAC and GPhA hit back at Big Pharma over biosimilars

The Association of Mature American Citizens (AMAC) and the Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA) have reacted strongly to the actions by Amgen and Genentech, which aim to make it more difficult for patients to get access to biosimilar medicines [1].

Biologicals boom

Researchers predict that the present list of top 10 blockbuster drugs will change dramatically by 2014. The predictions are that by 2014 biological drugs will topple the present market leaders Pfizer’s Lipitor (atorvastatin) and Sanofi’s Plavix (clopidogrel), both of which are small molecule chemical entities [1].

Biotech firms try to limit biosimilar substitution in US

FDA is still to approve a biosimilar and has yet to issue final guidelines outlining the regulatory requirements for approval of a biosimilar in the US.

Assessment of biosimilarity under the BPCI Act

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act defines a biosimilar as a product that is highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components and without clinically meaningful differences in terms of safety, purity, and potency. Although draft guidances issued by FDA do begin to clarify the issue, little or no discussion regarding how similar is considered highly similar is given in the BPCI Act and no criteria for assessing biosimilarity were mentioned [1].

G-CSF biosimilars – World Marrow Donor Association position

The World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA) has expressed its position on the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) biosimilars in healthy donors in an article published in the journal Haematologica [1].

Mobilization of stem cells in healthy donors by G-CSF biosimilars shows comparable efficacy and safety to Neupogen

Originator human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) filgrastim has been widely used for the mobilization of CD34⁺ stem cells in healthy donors. However, there is limited experience with the use of biosimilar G-CSF for the mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), especially in healthy donors. A recent study by Professor Schmitt and co-authors has addressed this issue and found that biosimilar G-CSF showed comparable efficacy and safety with reference G-CSF (Neupogen) when used for the mobilization of CD34⁺ stem cells, as well as CD3⁺ T-cells and nucleated cells, in healthy donors [1].

Top developments in biosimilars during 2012

Much has happened in the biosimilars’ industry over the last year.

Overview of research on G-CSF biosimilars in 2012

Period: January to August 2012 

A life-threatening complication for patients undergoing chemotherapy is febrile neutropenia, involving a loss of neutrophils (white blood cells) and fever [1]. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) are growth factors, which stimulate the bone marrow to produce white blood cells and restore neutrophil production. In oncology and haematology, G-CSF is used with certain cancer patients to accelerate recovery from neutropenia after chemotherapy, allowing higher-intensity treatment regimens.

Biosimilarity and interchangeability under the BPCI Act

In the US, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation (BPCI) Act was signed into law on 23 March 2010, giving FDA the authority to approve biosimilars. FDA then issued guidelines for biosimilar applications in February 2012 in the form of three draft guidance documents [1]. Despite this, there remain scientific issues regarding the assessment biosimilars and the criteria for establishing biosimilarity and interchangeability of biosimilars [2].

Positive phase I data for infliximab biosimilar

US-based Epirus Biopharmaceuticals (Epirus) announced on 4 January 2013 that its biosimilar infliximab candidate had ‘achieved bioequivalence’ to Remicade (infliximab) in a single dose comparator trial.

ProCognia completes global glycoanalysis centre

Israeli biotech company ProCognia announced on 14 January 2013 the completion of its global centre of excellence for glycoanalytics.

Overview of research on analytical techniques in the manufacturing of biosimilars in 2012

Period: January to August 2012 

Biologicals are large, complex and heterogeneous proteins with variable molecular weights, typically ranging from 18,000 to 45,000 Da. The active substance of a biological is a collection of large protein isoforms and not a single molecular entity. This fact makes manufacturing of biosimilars much more of a challenge than when producing traditional small molecule generics. It also makes it highly unlikely that the active substances between two products are identical and makes it extremely difficult to establish biopharmaceutical equivalence using analytical techniques.

Teva asks FDA to delay approval of Biogen’s MS drug

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (Teva) has petitioned FDA not to approve Biogen Idec’s (Biogen’s) investigational pill for treatment of multiple sclerosis, BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate), citing safety concerns.

Biosimilar trastuzumab made in tobacco plants

Canada-based PlantForm have altered tobacco plants to create a biosimilar version of Roche’s breast cancer drug Herceptin (trastuzumab).

Finox submits r-FSH biosimilar application to EMA

Finox Biotech announced on 20 December 2012 that it had submitted a Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) for its biosimilar recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (r-FSH) to EMA on 30 October 2012.

Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies on the horizon in Europe

European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use adopted the final guideline on biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) and it came into effect in December 2012. The agency is also currently reviewing two marketing authorization applications (MAAs) for the biosimilar mAb infliximab.

Significance of locally produced biosimilars in Iran

Biopharmaceuticals, drugs produced by live cell culture, have a fast growing market for the treatment of a range of conditions. Despite their clinical importance, however, their cost could impose an increasing burden on either national healthcare systems or patients’ out-of-pocket expenses. The potential for reducing the costs of biopharmaceuticals is therefore attracting the attention of policymakers in the health sector.

Biosimilars applications under review by EMA – 2012 Q4

Last update: 23 August 2013 

European Medicines Agency (EMA) is the body responsible for approval of biosimilars within the EU. A legal framework for approving biosimilars was established in 2003. Approval of biosimilars is based on an abbreviated registration process, which allows biosimilars manufacturers to provide a reduced package of information compared to originator drugs, provided they can prove ‘similarity’ to the originator or ‘reference drug’.

CCM and Biocon make biosimilar insulin deal

Malaysia-based Chemical Company of Malaysia Berhad (CCM), announced on 14 December 2012 an agreement between its subsidiary, CCM Pharmaceuticals Sdn Bhd (CCMP), and India-based Biocon, giving CCMP exclusive licence and distribution rights to market, sell and distribute a range of insulin products in Malaysia and Brunei.

History of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies regulation in EU

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are high molecular weight proteins (~150 kDa), with highly complex secondary and tertiary structures, subject to post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation.

Overview of research on manufacturing statistics and innovations of biosimilars in 2012

Period: January to August 2012 

Manufacturing of biosimilars is much more challenging than producing traditional small molecule generics. Reasons for this include, in the first place, the huge costs associated with manufacturing of biosimilars, along with the fact that the risk of failure for biosimilars is significantly higher than that for small molecule generics. Secondly, biosimilars are larger and more complex molecules to manufacture. Finally, minor changes in the manufacturing process can cause significant changes in efficacy or immunogenicity.

Comparison of EPARs for G-CSF biosimilars approved in Europe

EMA approved its first biosimilar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) for use in Europe back in 2008, since then, several biosimilar G-CSFs have been approved, including Biograstim, Filgrastim ratiopharm, Ratiograstim, Tevagrastim, Filgrastim Hexal, Zarzio and Nivestim. All biosimilar G-CSFs were approved using Amgen’s Neupogen as the reference product. Filgrastim ratiopharm was withdrawn on 20 April 2011.

Originator biologicals approved and marketed in Germany

Last updated: 14 December 2012 

The Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) is responsible for the approval, i.e. marketing authorization, of medicinal products, including biologicals, in Germany.

Overview of research on regulatory issues surrounding biosimilars in 2012

Period: January to August 2012 

In the area of regulation of biosimilars Europe has by far the best-established framework for approval and EMA has already issued both general and product specific guidelines for biosimilar applications to the EU [1]. The first biosimilar was approved in the EU in 2006 for Omnitrope (somatropin). There are now 14 biosimilars approved for use in Europe for three reference products: erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and somatropin [2].

China-based Innovent gains funding for expansion

Innovent Biologics (Innovent) has raised US$25 million in Series B financing to put towards the continued expansion of its pipeline and manufacturing capabilities.

Marvel withdraws biosimilar insulin applications

EMA announced on 27 November 2012 that it had been informed by Marvel LifeSciences (Marvel) that the company would be withdrawing its authorization applications for its three biosimilar human insulins.